35:["$","p","p-11",{"className":"mb-8 leading-relaxed","children":"Total for 8 rows: ~8 ms per full frame."}] 36:["$","h3","h3-5",{"className":"text-2xl font-bold mt-12 mb-6 text-foreground/90","children":"Limiting Cases"}] 37:["$","ul","ul-1",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Pin current > 20 mA"}],": Can damage AVR pins. Always use series resistors for LEDs."]}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Open-drain"}],": For shared lines (I2C), use open-drain mode with external pull-up."]}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Floating input"}],": Indeterminate state, toggling randomly. Always enable pull-up.\n`c\n// Toggle using PIN register (AVR trick)\nvoid toggle_pin(void) {\nPINB |= (1 << 5); // Writing 1 to PIN toggles PORT\n}"]}],"\n"]}] 38:["$","p","p-12",{"className":"mb-8 leading-relaxed","children":"// I2C pin configuration (STM32)\nGPIOB->OTYPER |= (1 << 6) | (1 << 7); // Open-drain\nGPIOB->PUPDR |= (1 << 12) | (1 << 14); // Pull-up\n`"}] 39:["$","p","p-13",{"className":"mb-8 leading-relaxed","children":["[[SIM:GPIOBitbangSim]]\n",["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Simulation -- GPIOBitbangSim"}],"\n| Field | Detail |\n|---|---|\n| Render type | 2D Logic Analyzer + Pin Viewer |\n| ME domain | GPIO Programming |\n| User inputs | Write register-level code and compare timing |\n| Primary visual | Logic analyzer showing digitalWrite() vs register access timing |\n| Secondary output | Pin map with current pin modes |"]}] 3a:["$","h2","h2-3",{"className":"text-3xl font-black mt-16 mb-6","children":"Worked Examples"}] 3b:["$","h3","h3-6",{"className":"text-2xl font-bold mt-12 mb-6 text-foreground/90","children":"Example 1 -- 7-Segment Display"}] 3c:["$","div","pre-0",{"className":"overflow-x-auto w-full my-6 bg-surface p-4 rounded-xl","children":["$","pre",null,{"className":"text-xs sm:text-sm my-0! bg-transparent! p-0!","children":["$","code","code-0",{"className":"language-c","children":"const uint8_t digit_patterns[10] = {\n 0x3F, 0x06, 0x5B, 0x4F, 0x66,\n 0x6D, 0x7D, 0x07, 0x7F, 0x6F\n};\n\nvoid display_digit(uint8_t digit) {\n if (digit < 10) PORTD = digit_patterns[digit];\n}\n"}]}]}] 3d:["$","h3","h3-7",{"className":"text-2xl font-bold mt-12 mb-6 text-foreground/90","children":"Example 2 -- 74HC595 Shift Register"}] 3e:["$","div","pre-1",{"className":"overflow-x-auto w-full my-6 bg-surface p-4 rounded-xl","children":["$","pre",null,{"className":"text-xs sm:text-sm my-0! bg-transparent! p-0!","children":["$","code","code-0",{"className":"language-c","children":"void shift_out(uint8_t data) {\n for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {\n if (data & 0x80) PORTB |= (1 << 0); else PORTB &= ~(1 << 0);\n PORTB |= (1 << 1); // Clock high\n PORTB &= ~(1 << 1); // Clock low\n data <<= 1;\n }\n PORTB |= (1 << 2); // Latch high\n PORTB &= ~(1 << 2);\n}\n"}]}]}] 3f:["$","h2","h2-4",{"className":"text-3xl font-black mt-16 mb-6","children":"Common Misconceptions"}] 40:["$","ul","ul-2",{"children":["\n",["$","li","li-0",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Wrong belief"}],": digitalWrite() is fast enough for all applications."]}],"\n",["$","li","li-1",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$","strong","strong-0",{"className":"text-brand-500 font-black","children":"Correct framing"}],": digitalWrite() takes ~3.5 us on AVR due to pin mapping checks and safety conditions. For bit-banging protocols, use register access."]}],"\n",["$","li","li-2",{"className":"ml-8 list-disc mb-4 leading-relaxed","children":[["$"